Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

几种土壤及其铁锰结核中粘粒矿物组合的研究

以我国几种常见土壤及相应土壤铁锰结核为试验材料,应用Ｘ－射线衍射,研究了土壤和铁锰结核中层状硅酸盐和氧化铁的类型组合。结果表明：１）从南到北,从供试红壤到砂姜黑土,其层状硅酸盐矿物组合变化表现为由１：１型高岭为主变为以２：１型水云母为主,１．４ｎｍ矿物中由１．４ｎｍ过渡矿物转变为蛭石;从不含蒙脱石到含有一定量的蒙脱石。供试铁锰结核与相应土壤中的层状硅酸盐矿物组合及含量消长趋势在总体上基本一致。２）     

在受控条件下植物促生菌对扁豆的生长，结瘤和养分积累的效应

Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been shown to increase legume growth and development under field and controlled environmental conditions. The present study was conducted to isolate plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the root nodules of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) grown in arid/semi-arid region of Punjab, Pakistan and examined their plant growth-promoting abilities. Five bacterial isolates were isolated, screened in vitro for plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics and their effects on the growth of lentil were assessed under in vitro, hydroponic and greenhouse (pot experiment) conditions. All the isolates were Gram negative, rod-shaped and circular in form and exhibited the plant growth-promoting attributes of phosphate solubilization and auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) production. The IAA production capacity ranged in 0.5-11.0 μg mL-1 and P solubilization ranged in 3-16 mg L-1 . When tested for their effects on plant growth, the isolated strains had a stimulatory effect on growth, nodulation and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake in plants on nutrient-deficient soil. In the greenhouse pot experiment, application of PGPR significantly increased shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight by 65%, 43% and 63% and the increases in root length, fresh weight and dry weight were 74%, 54% and 92%, respectively, as compared with the uninoculated control. The relative increases in growth characteristics under in vitro and hydroponic conditions were even higher. PGPR also increased the number of pods per plant, 1 000-grain weight, dry matter yield and grain yield by 50%, 13%, 28% and 29%, respectively, over the control. The number of nodules and nodule dry mass increased by 170% and 136%, respectively. After inoculation with effective bacterial strains, the shoot, root and seed N and P contents increased, thereby increasing both N and P uptake in plants. The root elongation showed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.67) with the IAA production and seed yield exhibited a positive correlation (R2 = 0.82) with root nodulation. These indicated that the isolated PGPR rhizobial strains can be best utilized as potential agents or biofertilizers for stimulating the growth and nutrient accumulation of lentil.     

四川高效大豆根瘤菌的筛选及初步应用研究

采用无氮水培、盆栽、田间区组试验,从采集自四川33个市县35个采样点分离获得的70个大豆根瘤菌株中,筛选与四川主栽大豆品种 贡选1号 匹配性最佳的根瘤菌。对第一批分离自21个市县23个采样点的52个菌株进行无氮水培实验,其结瘤能力和共生固氮能力表明,S8、S22、S36、S46、S55、S65菌株与贡选1号共生匹配性好。用6个菌株进行的盆栽试验结果表明,S36、S8菌株与 贡选1号 匹配性较佳。将第二批分离自四川另外12个市县的12个采样点的18个菌株进行第二次水培实验,以S8、S36和CK分别作为阳性和阴性对照,结果表明接种S151、S152、S150、S149菌株的植株鲜重和干重均极显著高于CK,且高于阳性对照（S8、S36）。结合盆栽和第二次水培实验结果选择S152、S151、S150、S149、S8进行田间试验,以不接种为对照,结果显示,接种S152、S150菌株的大豆产量分别比CK显著增加33.5%和18.5%,且显著高于其它三个供试菌株S151、S149和S8接种处理。为此筛选出与四川主栽大豆品种贡选1号共生匹配性最佳的菌株是S152、S150。     

利用藻菌共生体系强化养猪废水厌氧消化液培养微藻

利用养猪废水厌氧消化液培养微藻是一项极具潜力的污水资源化技术,如何强化微藻产量是该技术领域的研究热点。本研究在利用养猪废水厌氧消化液培养微藻时,通过投加活性污泥,构成藻菌共生体系,并对关键工艺参数(藻菌比例、微藻接种浓度以及光照周期)进行优化,分析藻菌共生系统培养微藻以及回收氮磷的适宜条件和相关机理。结果表明,在适宜的藻菌比(1∶0.2)条件下,藻菌共生系统有利于提高微藻生长量以及氮磷的回收效率。在优化的接种浓度和光照条件下,进一步运行藻菌共生反应器和微藻纯培养反应器,前者有利于提供微藻生长的碳源,维持体系的酸碱环境,从而提高微藻的生长限值,水力停留时间(HRT)为2 d时,可收获更多的微藻生物质(0.16 g·L~(-1)·d~(-1)),相对于微藻纯培养反应器提高了117%。延长HRT至12 d,微藻呈现二次生长,并且具有较好的污染物去除率。     

东北稻区有机和稻蟹种植模式经济效益分析

为了准确评价东北地区不同水稻种植模式的经济效益,从2011年5月—2012年11月间,在东北典型水稻种植区盘锦,开展了为期两年、不同种植模式的水稻田间试验。试验设计了5个处理模式,即对照处理（CK）、常规模式（CM）、稻蟹共作（CR）、有机水稻（OR）、减量施肥（RF）。在对各处理农事活动记录的基础上,根据生产资料和投入的成本以及农产品的市场价格,计算各类种植模式的经济效益。研究结果显示,稻蟹模式的生产成本最高为38 654 元·hm^-2,是常规模式的2.3倍;其次为有机水稻23 087 元·hm^-2,是常规处理1.4倍。常规模式的粮食产量最高,为9 466 kg·hm^-2,显著高于减量施肥处理和有机处理(P<0.05),但是与稻蟹模式的无显著差异。各处理中产值最高的是稻蟹模式,其次是有机模式,分别为常规模式的2.0倍和1.6倍。净产值最高的有机模式为22 508元·hm^-2,是常规模式的2.0倍,其次为稻蟹模式,是常规模式的1.5倍。试验表明,有机模式和稻蟹模式均能获得较高的经济效益。     

华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R MCHK_8182基因的共生固氮功能

根据华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R全局转录组分析结果,获得在共生固氮阶段显著上调表达的基因MCHK_8182;设计重叠延伸PCR引物,构建MCHK_8182双交换突变重组质粒载体;通过三亲本杂交,将突变载体导入7653R;在蔗糖压力培养下进行筛选,最终获得MCHK_8182双交换突变株。PCR及测序验证双交换突变株构建成功。植物盆栽试验结果显示,与7653R野生型接种的植株相比,MCHK_8182突变菌株接种的植株根瘤数减少,但固氮酶活未见明显差异。     

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为大豆的高产栽培提供参考,进行净作大豆(T1),净作大豆十钼肥拌种(T2,播种大豆前取5 g钼酸铵用温水完全溶解,然后加水至0.5 kg,即为1％钼酸铵溶液,然后拌种),间作大豆(T3),间作大豆十钼肥拌种(T4)栽培试验.结果表明:净间作条件下,钼肥拌种大豆能明显改善地上部的农艺性状,T2处理大豆的叶片叶绿素含量比T1处理增加28.9％、T4处理比T3处理增加15.1％;单株根瘤数T4处理为47.2个/株,比T3处理增加24.5％,且比T2处理增加12.9％;净间作大豆的根系活力分别比相应对照增加55.8％和33.6％,产量分别增加550.25 kg/hm2和340.4 kg/hm2,增产幅度为23.4％和38.03％.钼肥拌种处理能够显著增加净间作大豆株高,促进根瘤数增多、根瘤体积增大、固氮能力提高,进而叶片叶绿素含量增加、光合能力增强,从而提高大豆产量.     

农业产业的共生链接与和谐发展的企业运作

企业内部共生机制和企业外部共生环境中只要有一个局部缺陷都能放大为整个企业生死攸关的大问题。修复这个局部,就能挽救企业。产业共生发展的企业模式运用共生资本原理,将共生技术产业化,以四两拨千斤之力行使企业"救死扶伤"职责,是打造企业的"工厂",其本质是产业共生航母。     

不同培养基对禾草内生真菌Epichlo(e)生长与产孢的影响

本研究以分离自西藏早熟禾(Poa tibetica)、甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskvi)和麦宾草(Elymus tangutorum)的6个内生真菌菌株(分别为西藏早熟禾内生真菌Ep-003和Ep-004,甘肃臭草内生真菌Em-014和Em-016,麦宾草内生真菌Ee-001和Ee-003)为研究对象,分别在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)、麦秆煎液琼脂(WSA)、玉米粉琼脂(CMA)和水琼脂(WA)4种培养基上培养4周后,观测菌落生长速率、菌落形态特征、产孢量和孢子特性.结果表明,同一菌株在不同培养基上的生长速率一般为PDA和CMA上的最大,WSA和WA上最小;不同菌株在同一培养基上,西藏早熟禾的Ep-003菌株生长最快,在PDA上直径最大,为46.42 mm,麦宾草内生真菌次之,甘肃臭草的Em-014菌株生长最慢,在WA上直径最小,为7.07 mm;在4种培养基上,菌株的产孢量有显著差异(P＜0.05),分别为Ep-003只在WA上产孢,其他5种菌株在WA和WSA培养基上产孢较多,在PDA和CMA上产孢较少;Em-016和Ep-004在4种培养基上的孢子长度无显著差异(P＞0.05),Em-014在WSA上的孢子长最小,为3.77 μm,其他菌株无显著差异(P＞0.05),Ee-003在PDA上孢子长最长,为8.43 μm,在其他3种培养基上无显著差异(P＞0.05);Ep-004、Em-016和Ee-003在4种培养基上孢子梗长度均无显著差异(P＞0.05),Em-014在WA上孢子梗最长,为16.74 μm,在WSA上最短,为14.09 μm,Ee-001在CMA上孢子梗最长,为18.59 μm,在WSA上最短,为13.40 μm.